Diego Velázquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X is widely regarded as a significant work of the Baroque period, drawing attention from artists and scholars alike since its creation. This study adopts a psychological-biographical perspective and applies Terry Barrett's method of art criticism to investigate the complex dimensions of this painting. It begins with an exploration of Velázquez's life and career, including the social, cultural, and artistic contexts of 17th-century Spain and Italy. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of Renaissance and Baroque masters, such as Titian and Rubens, whose influence shaped Velázquez’s distinctive artistic approach. The research further explores the historical and political circumstances surrounding the commission of the portrait, shedding light on the symbolic importance of such representations during that era. The analysis then focuses on the visual and technical aspects of the painting, including Velázquez’s meticulous attention to detail in rendering facial expressions, his strategic use of lighting to emphasize form and texture, and his mastery of color to create depth and mood. These techniques effectively communicate both the official authority of Pope Innocent X and his underlying psychological nuances, offering a layered portrayal that invites deeper interpretation. A key focus of this study is Velázquez's departure from traditional portraiture conventions. By delving into the psychological and emotional layers of his subject, Velázquez transcended the role of mere representation, offering insights into the emotional depth and inner world of Pope Innocent X. The findings underscore the lasting impact of Velázquez’s innovative methods, which have influenced artists across generations. Over the centuries, this painting has been revisited and reinterpreted in diverse artistic contexts, reflecting its enduring relevance as a subject of critical and creative engagement. This research also highlights the dual function of art as both a mirror of its time and a timeless exploration of human nature.